deltaG= Gibbs free energy
deltaG=deltaH - TdeltaS
If deltaH= 150 kJ/mol and deltaS=2.1 J/mol we must first convert the deltaS into kJ/mol, this is done by multiplying by 10-3 …
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction - where one of the hydrogens (or other group attached to the benzene ring) is removed and replaced …
Van der Waals forces are a form of intermolecular (between molecules) force.
A covalent bond is created by a shared pair of electons. (For example two chlorine atoms will share …
Ionic bond- this is an electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions, i.e. a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
Covalent bond- this is …
A coordinate bond is a covalent bond in which both the electrons in the shared pair are donated from one atom (the donor). The properties of the covalent bond are …
A dative covalent bond, or coordinate bond, is a bond where there is 1 pair of shared electrons between two atoms. The difference relative to a covalent bond is that …
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopic technique used to detect certain nuclei in a molecule.
1H and 13C are the most commonly identified nuclei , however nuclei …
For this question we will look at Sodium Sulphite (Na2SO3) and its titration against Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4). This requires acidic conditions.
In this example …
The pi-bonds in benzene are delocalised over the entire ring, while in an alkene the pi-bonds are only delocalised over two carbon atoms. This means that benzene has a lower …
Effective Nuclear Charge is the net positive nuclear charge experienced by a valence electron orbiting the positively charged nucleus in an atom. Effective nuclear charge is redcued by:
-increased distance …
A mass spectrometer is a piece of lab equipment used to measure the relative atomic masses of atoms and molecules. It is widely used to identify substances in the lab. …
Firstly note that in general aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. This is a result of two effects:
1. Ketones are more sterically hindered.
2. Alkyl groups are electron donating …
The ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove the one of the outermost electrons from an atom of the element in its gaseous state.
This is …
Two major factors control how tightly held the outermost electron is and therefore how much energy is required to remove it, which gives us the size of the Ionisation energy. …
Acids, by definition, are proton donors, so will donate a H+ ion to a base. Examples of acids may be HCl or ethanoic/acetic acid (a.k.a. vinegar).
Bases, …
A carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups.
Add NaHCO3 or K2CO3 the reaction will produce CO2 i.e Bubbles!
Equilibrium:
BH <--> H+ + B-
alkali reacts with H+, so equilibrium shifts to right to buffer change
acid reacts with B- to form BH, so equilibrium shifts to left …
Both aldehydes and ketones contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen.
Aldehydes have the double bond at the end of the molecule. That means the carbon at the …
Carbon can be found in different forms, with different structures and bonding.
Graphite is a structure in which each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms, to form …