An acid is defined as a proton donor-the hydrogen ion (H+) dissociates from the acid in a solution. Hydrocholoric acid is a strong acid-all of the acid molecules …
A curly arrow is an arrow that shows the movement of electrons in organic chemistry. If the arrow is a full headed then it shows the movement of two electrons …
AlCl3 has a trigonal planar structure. There is an aluminium atom with 3 sp2 hybridised orbitals which bond to 3 chlorine atoms. The bond angle is 120 degrees. …
The ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, is an equation used to calculate either the pressure, volume, temperature or number of moles of a gas.
The terms are:
p = …
Transition metal ions have, by definition, at least one partly filled d orbital (eg:3d). When in a solution, the positive charge of the transition metal ions can cause the lone …
If a chiral molecules undergoes nucleophilic substitution what happens to its stereochemistry?
SN1: These reactions occur with the production of a cationic intermediate. These contain an sp2 …
Gibbs free energy allows you to link together the two factors entropy and enthalpy, these factors together determine if a chemical reaction is spontaneous or not. For a reaction to …
Both Sn1 and Sn2 reactions are nucleophilic substitution reactions. Sn1 reactions proceed via 2 steps. An example of this is the substitution of a halogen group such as bromine with …
Chirality (or optical isomerism) is a physical property of a molecule which has a non-superimposable mirror image. In other words, a molecule which, when reflected cannot be rotated in any …
A nucleophile is a species which can donate a lone pair of electrons to an electron deficient species, known as an electrophile. By doing this, a chemical bond is formed.An …
The ionisation energy across a period increases as the effective nuclear charge increases but the shielding stays the same.
Effective nuclear charge= the electrostatic 'pull' that an electron 'feels' from …
The equation of a metal ion forming a metal hexaaqua ion in aqueous solution is as follows.
Mn+ + 6H2O > [M(H2O)6)]n …
Given a reaction in the form:
aA + bB ⇄ cC + dD
where A and B are reactants, C and D are products and a, b, c and d …
ΔStotal=RlnK
This equation means that if ΔStotal is large and positive then K is large (much greater than 1) and the position of equilibrium is well to the right (due …
For this question we need to consider the equation:
ΔStotal = ΔSsystem - ΔH/T
For and exothermic reaction, -ΔH/T is positive. Therefore, as T increases -ΔH/T becomes more …
This is a standard definition question that is relatively common in A level papers.
The standar molar enthalpy change of atomisation is defined as the enthalpy change when 1 mol …
Mass spectrometry is a technique we use to analyse and determine the structure of compound. Generally, it works by injecting your compound into an ionisation chamber, where it …
The Gibbs free energy of a process is a measure of how readily that process will proceed on its own - a negative value means that the reaction is spontaneous, …
Electron pairs arrange themselves so they are as far apart as possible (electron pair repulsion theory). In a covalent compound, the number of electron pairs around the central atom determines …