The easiest way to visualise this is to imagine a line of four dinner ladies serving you different parts of a school meal e.g. the first peas, the second mash …
Phenylamine contains a phenyl group attached to the amine. Phenyl groups have a delocalised system of electrons as a result of p orbitals from the 6 adjacent carbon atoms overlapping …
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. …
Mass spectrometry is a method of identifying the molecular mass of compounds by measuring its mass to charge ratio. Methods vary depending on the molecules being analysed, their phase, the …
Decreasing atomic radius across the periodic table.
- greater number of protons in the nucleus resulting in a greater nuclear charge.
- little/no change in shielding.
- electrons added to …
A species with one or more valence electron pairs that forms co-ordinate bonds with a metal ion.
A greenhouse gas is one which absorbs infrared radiation from the Earth and re-radiates it, increasing the surface temperature of the Earth. Normally these molecules are non-symmetrical such as triflurometane. …
Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove the most loosely bound (furthest out) electron from an atom, in the gaseous state. As you move down a group in the …
As we go from Li to F, atomic radius of the atoms will DECREASE. This is due to increased nuclear charge (number of protons within each atom). Although the number …
Atoms of the same element possessing the same numbers of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
As you progress down the group:- Atomic radius increases, therefore there is more electron shielding.- There is an increase in the nuclear charge, however it is outweighed by the increase …
The easiest way to think about this is as the 'law of opposites' TemperatureExothermim reactions: If temp is increased then the reaction moves in the direction to reduce this …
Covalent bonding is the sharing of pairs of electrons between two non-metallic atoms.
Ionic bonding is where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, usually from a metallic atom …
Both aldehydes and ketones have a carbonyl functional group (C=O), however in aldhydes the carbonyl carbon atom is the terminal carbon of the chain, whereas in ketones the carbonyl carbon …
React concentrated sulfuric acid with concentrated nitric acid in the below reaction to yield the nitronium ion.
HNO3 + 2H2SO4 --> NO2+ + 2HSO …
When a reaction is feasible ΔG = 0. Rearrange the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. So that when ΔG = 0, T = ΔH / ΔS.
Must convert ΔS …
White light is a mixture of different colours of light (e.g red, green and blue) and each colour has a different wavelength. For something to have colour, it needs to …
We start by remembering the general formulas of alkenes and alkynes:
Alkenes - CnH2n
Alkynes - CnH2n-2
We calculate the molar mass of both …
Electron affinity is the energy released when 1 mole of gaseous atoms each acquire an electron to form 1 mole of gaseous 1- ions. Fluorine has a negative value as …
In order to conduct electricity, charged particles must be available and these charged particles must have the possibily to move around freely. Salts consist of ions: charged particles. In the …